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Eight Stages To Human Development
Each focusing on a different conflict that we need to solve, there are eight stages of human development that we need to solve in order to develop successfully into the next stage of our lives. Erickson’s theory closely ties personality growth with parental and societal values. If we don’t resolve each stage or we choose the wrong of two choices, our ability to deal with the consecutive stages is impaired and the failure will return to us at some point in life. (Erickson’s Theory of Human Development n.d.)
Listed below are the eight stages of development of Erickson’s Theory from Birth to Death:
1. Oral Sensory Ages Birth to 12-18 months; Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust
The infant’s bond with their primary caregiver is about trust and love. It’s about touch and being there and cab be seen in that tender stare they give you as you feed them. The connection with that person (usually Mommy) allows them to feel like they are safe and can rely on the person who is basically the only thing they know.
2. Muscular Anal Ages 18 months to 3 years; Conflict: Autonomy vs. Doubt
We’re all familiare eith the two hour wait and wait because they have to tie their own shoes. We wait because in this stage, failure to reinforce these efforts will lead the child todoubt themselves and your trust in them. This stage focuses on self control and self confidence. Erickson gives toilet training as the greates example of this conflict. He also points out that this is the stage where an overprotective parent, can do the most damage. The child wants autonomy.
3. Locomotor Ages 3 to 6 years; Conflict: Initiatieve vs. Guilt
They are developing a sense of responsibility and limitations. This is the stage where carrying your car keys or helping Mommy in any way possible is very important. It is all about independence and letting the child exert his/her initiative. They will try to do things they can’t and the response the parent gives them, encouragement orrefusal, will allow the child to understand limitations without guilt.
4. Latency Ages 6 to 12 years; Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
We’re all familiar with the child beginning to do something, but then snap; he drops it and is on to something else. This stage is about completion. Completion and the pleasure it brings becomes crucial. It is the coming together of mental and physical capabilities as well. Parents need to encourage their child to handle the different experiences of the atmosphere at school and of a home atmosphere among others.
5. Adolescence Ages 12 to 18 years; Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion
At this stage the teenager is aware that they will become a contributor to society (industry) and the search for who they are drives their aactions and thoughts. The desire to know what it is they believe and want separate from what they’ve adopted from their parents is crucial to their self confience in this stage.
6. Young Adulthood Ages 19 to 40 years; Conflict: Psychosocial Development
Can you be intimate? Cany you be open? Cany you commit? Relying heavily on our ability to solve the conflicts faced, love relationships dominate this stage for all of us.Personal commitment, met with mutual satisfaction, make this a successful stage. Intimacy is referred to as the ability to make a personal commitment and doesn’t necessarily mean sex. If unable to handle this stage, an adult will resort to isolation.
7. Middle Adulthood Ages 40 – 65; Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation
To care for someone else which is mostly displayed in parenting is generativity. It’s the ability to direct someone into society and the next generation. We begin to understand the we are high in the order of society and owe society something. We become stagnant and our lives won’t exhibit anything we can look back on if we haven’t dealt with our previous conflicts.
8. Maturity Ages 65 to Death; Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
If we haven’t done well in the previous stages especially stage seven, we can be filled with regret, despair over the time running out and fear of death. If we have done well, we can feel a sense of fulfillment and accept death as an unavoidable reality with dignity.
It’s impossible not to identify with these stages as you’ve experienced them or as you see your children experiencing them as you read through the stages. Playing a major role in all human and psychology development, Erickson’s Theory of Human Development is widely accepted. (Erickson’s Theory of Human Development n.d.)
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This intel was contributed by D. STEVENS
D. STEVENS
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May, 2012
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